Causes and effects of childhood obesity

Circumstances and end results of youth stoutness Youth stoutness has gotten an overall scourge, and the condition is presently evident a lot prior throughout everyday life. Thirty years back, under five percent of youngsters were viewed as corpulent. Today’s figures put the quantity of hefty American kids somewhere close to 12 percent and 15 percent! That converts into a huge number of kids, preteens, and teenagers experiencing grown-up conditions like diabetes and wretchedness identified with weight gain (Tessmer, Beecher, and Hagen, 2006). Overweight and corpulence in adolescence are perceived to have noteworthy effect on physical and mental wellbeing. There are a few makes that lead kids become corpulent. Youth heftiness is currently viewed as an illness and is analyzed by specialists. Not all kids that sit in front of the TV a few hours per day or are latent or simply eat mal-nutritious nourishments create stoutness, numerous youngsters get hefty due to qualities acquired from their folks. A few youngsters become large i n light of their way of life. For instance, late-day or late evening eating, eating and other conduct practices have effect on the advancement of heftiness. Additionally, social and financial conditions are appeared to have a critical relationship to nourishment and dietary admission. Likewise, there are sure impacts come about because of youth corpulence, for example, physical, mental, enthusiastic, and social impacts. Corpulence in youth is capable of early improvement in young ladies and postponed advancement in young men. It’s likewise saw as related with various clinical issues identified with physiological, metabolic, and basic changes. What is more is that fat youngsters are bound to create mental issues. Physical, social, and mental prosperity is viewed as wellbeing related personal satisfaction. Low confidence and social separation can be noted in fat youngsters because of physical constraints, sentiments of disengagement or forlornness, and prodding from cohorts. Ci rcumstances and end results of Childhood Obesity Childhood corpulence has gotten an overall plague, and the condition is currently clear a lot prior throughout everyday life. Thirty years prior, under five percent of youngsters were viewed as hefty. Today’s figures put the quantity of fat American youngsters somewhere close to 12 percent and 15 percent! That converts into a large number of youngsters, preteens, and teenagers experiencing grown-up conditions like diabetes and sorrow identified with weight gain (Tessmer, Beecher, and Hagen, 2006). Heftiness is characterized as an unbalanced development of put away fat tissue when contrasted with different tissues. Youth weight is presently viewed as a sickness and is analyzed by specialists. Youngsters become overweight for an assortment of reasons. The most widely recognized causes are hereditary variables, absence of physical movement, unfortunate eating designs, or a mix of these components. Besides, financial variables have impact on youngsters, which may make a kid become hefty. What's more, there are sure impacts come about because of youth stoutness, for example, physical, mental, enthusiastic, and social impacts. Finding of Childhood Obesity Only a specialist can analyze kids for heftiness by assessing adiposity, or â€Å"how much fat an individual has.† Adiposity can be surveyed utilizing various ways, for instance, by utilizing a submerged scale, or by a MRI, yet these strategies are viewed as extreme and costly. Another method of assessing kids for stoutness is by estimating the appropriation of muscle to fat ratio. Likewise, a diagram called the weight list (BMI) is utilized to ideally gauge the measure of husky individual conveys most every now and again to separate between only an overweight kid and the person who is extremely hefty. Notwithstanding BMI and outlining weight on the development graphs, the specialist additionally assesses the family’s history of heftiness and wei ght-related medical issues, for example, diabetes, the child’s dietary patterns and calorie consumption, the child’s movement level, and some other wellbeing conditions the youngster may have.

Write and Earn †the Magazines You Can Write for

Compose and Earn †the Magazines You Can Write for One of the key issues present day specialists face is to locate a solid and generously compensated activity. Searching for really great open doors you may go over different choices, yet the majority of them can barely give you a steady and sufficiently high pay. Notwithstanding this reality there are distributions that offer significant compensations for a great substance. To turn into a colleague of such distributions isn't a simple errand and it might require some investment, yet at the same time along these lines you can go to the following degree of your profession. These days we can make reference to a ton of magazines that are prepared to pay the essayists, however the quantity of magazines that remunerate the authors truly well is a lot littler. Beneath you can discover a few magazines composing for which you can acquire $500 or much more per an article. Catholic Digest searches for positive and experienced journalists who are keen on making articles on otherworldliness, confidence, area life, connections, marriage and child rearing. You can depend on $500 for the article of 1500 words after its distribution. VQR is an open door for the individuals who are truly occupied with writing and distributing. This diary offers truly great cash, that’s why they altogether select the materials before they show up on the pages. You can procure $200 for a sonnet (yet not more than four), 25 pennies for every word for writing, and $500 for a book survey of 2000-2400 words. In the event that a circle of your advantage incorporates ecological issues, you can focus on Earth Island Journal. They need an individual who can give research and conversation on squeezing issues, yet in addition on the issues that might become issues of worldwide scale. The subject of the magazine covers different focuses beginning with ecological law and open arrangement and closure with land preservation. For the top to bottom print story of 4000 words you can procure from $750 to $1000 (25 pennies for each word). Novice get an opportunity to compose online reports as well, the magazine assesses them at $50-$100. The American Gardener is controlled by the American Horticultural Society, and its readership comprises of experienced novice cultivators. The magazine offers $300 †$600 for highlight articles on plant protection, garden configuration, human plant connections, biodiversity, plant research and plant chasing; in addition, sometimes it gives travel and cost repayment. As a rule, the ordinary article of the American Gardener covers 1500-2500 words. The tale of Boys’ Life began in 1911 gratitude to the help of the Boy Scouts of America. The installment offered by the magazine for genuine articles shifts; the essayists can get $500-$1500 per one article. The magazine manages perusers at age of 6-17 the enormous piece of which is cub scouts. The subjects you can concentrate on aren’t constrained, the key necessity is that they ought to be engaging and fascinating for the perusers. The Sun Magazine is particularly intrigued by close to home composition, specifically, papers, fiction, verse, and meetings, yet it doesn’t mean they don’t acknowledge articles on social and political subjects. The magazine offers various expenses relying upon the kind of works, so you can get $100 - $200 for verse, $300-$1500 for fiction, and $300-$2,000 for meetings and papers. Early American Life might be enjoyed by history and early American style buffs. They acknowledge both short stories and bits of around 2500 words. The magazine is distributed seven times each year and spotlights on conventions, voyages, collectibles, engineering, and enriching. The editors are happy to see beginners in their group and pay a $500 installment for the main material. Writers’ income increment in corresponding with the improvement of their aptitudes.

The ABCs of Good Conclusion Writing

The ABCs of Good Conclusion Writing A lot of writers can have trouble when they reach the end of their paper or story. We know we want to say something revealing or unique or special, but were not sure what to say or how to say it or how much to say. Well, there is a simple equation that Ive used before to help students learn how a writer develops their final thoughts on a project, whether that project is long or short. It helps writers think through logically what theyve already said and create a sound conclusion that adds value and depth to the piece.A conclusion should deliver greater understanding, a new element or elements that derive or evolve from the elements youve already presented and argued or even dramatized. Creating this interpretative element delivers a conclusion that is original and perceptive. It also strengthens the entire writing effort. Thus, in this final important section of your writing project, you need a practical equation that tells you how to develop or think through your topic and what youv e already said about it and get to your aha or intellectual/emotional revelation.A good conclusion always has an aha or new understanding or new idea that youve developed by discussing your topic and making your arguments. An aha is sort of like having a light bulb go off in your head. Its what you deliver to your reader that makes the entire effort memorable and clearer. The process you need to take as the writer is to stand back and look at the whole scene, your entire work effort, and determine precisely what your discussion said that leads to revealing points and makes all the words extraordinary and insightful. That equation is your memory tool. It will help you think through what youve said and determine what you learned that you now want to communicate to others at the end of the piece.In math, if you combine two digits, youll get a combination of those digits thats new, but still related, i.e., 2 + 2 = 4. In chemistry, if you combine two individual elements youll get a third , i.e., sodium (Na) + Chlorine (Cl) = NaCl (or salt). When writing an outstanding conclusion, apply the same concept. Your writing genre may be a research paper, a college admissions essay, a lab report, a research proposal, sales copy, or even a longer work of nonfiction or fiction. In each case, however, you want to offer a conclusion thats uniquely relevant, i.e., final thoughts and interpretations on your topic and your thesis or your ideas about it, or a great dramatic ending that changes your characters and resolves their story significantly. You dont want a conclusion that simply summarizes everything you already discussed once or restates it just to fill space You want to take an important step, a new step, the next step. When you create a good conclusion, you deliver the best understanding of all to your reader.A great conclusion is always relevant to your topic and its arguments and leaves a lasting impression that says the work is well written and lets your reader to pond er and remember your ideas. Good conclusion writing is vital in academic and technical writing and also in nonfiction and fiction, as well as shorter queries and proposals that writers submit to gain grant money or a publishing contract.In good conclusion writing, you can use this simple-to-use outline. I call it the ABCs of conclusion writing where A (your idea) combines with B (your arguments) to get C by using integrated thinking to form new, related understanding. The equation is an easy one to remember: A + B = C. But what does it mean and how does it work when you are actually writing?Your topic/thesis statement. It presents the questions you are trying to answer or a hypothesis you will support with good arguments or the opening of a plot you will develop by using great characters and exciting scenes.The segments/arguments/plot you then present in detail in the main portion of the work.Your conclusion. It draws from both A + B and supplies answers to your original thesis ques tion and reflects on the meaning of the evidence youve provided. It can also offer final denouement or outcomes of a story for your characters and a plot.Its very important not to get off track when you write a conclusion. Dont summarize everything youre already said or, worse still, start a new topic or another thesis youve brainstormed from the one you just discussed. Both red herrings are easy to do. You can become very involved in talking more about your idea than you should and get a bit carried away. Then youll start wandering off topic and away from your original goal and thesis and best conclusion. Be very specific with your conclusions. Dont be wishy washy or restate what you said at the opening just to get done because youre sick of writing. Add new analysis, new reflections, even potential new directions that suggest additional understanding and potentially future research (just dont start that next research in the current paper).In effect, when youre writing a great conc lusion, you have to know when to stop writing. Avoid the kitchen sink syndrome because you think you have to get everything into a final page or two before you forget something. Dont cut and run either, and write a single paragraph. Write something that needs a bit of explanation for perhaps a page or two. Stay focused and always think A + B = C. Then youll write an amazing conclusion that is insightful and doesnt run on or stop too soon. Youll end your work in the absolutely right place, say something relevant and important, and set the stage hopefully for your next great paper or book sequel.

Manifest Destiny the Mexican-American War Essay

Discuss the motivations from both sides for the Mexican-American war of 1846-1848? Was Manifest Destiny the driving factor or was it something else? The Mexican-American war fought between 1846 and 1848 remains a topic of much contention amongst modern historians. Differing accounts and conclusions of the war are often presented and one must remain pragmatic when analysing both primary and secondary sources regarding the war. There is a clear time line of events that led to the outbreak of the war, but there is one major event, and one minor action, which directly resulted in the declarations of war on both sides of the conflict between Mexico and the United States. Most scholars agree that the annexation of the Republic of Texas by†¦show more content†¦It is worth noting here that the Americans were concerned about appearances, and that they did their best to provoke Mexico into a war, without having to bear the responsibility of actually starting the war. In his Personal Memoirs, Grant explained the mission of the U.S. Army in south Texas, We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should com mence it. The plan worked. The U.S. annexed Texas in February of 1846, and Polk immediately ordered Taylor to proceed to the Rio Grande. One of Taylors patrols skirmished with a Mexican detachment and lost over twenty soldiers, including eleven dead, five wounded, and several captured. Polk immediately called for war. In his bellicose message to the U.S. Congress, the President announced that, American blood had been shed upon American soil. He got his declaration of war. It was the first U.S. war of aggression against a sovereign nation and to this day a defining event in Mexican-American relations. The ruthlessness of the U.S. invasion shocked even the European nations that had been at war with their neighbours for centuries. Ulysses S. Grant, who served in Mexico under both Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, commanded the Union forces in the American Civil War, and later became the eighteenth President of the UnitedShow MoreRelatedManifest Destiny Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesBecause of the desire and belief of Americans that the United States’ purpose to expand west to the Pacific Ocean, Manifest Destiny would become one of the most influential ideologies in American history (Greenberg 3). This belief of the settlers aided in the westward expansion of the nation’s boundaries through the removal of the Native Americans who had inhabited the western lands for generations and in some cases centuries; and with a war with Mexi co in which we gained territory in Texas, theRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesManifest Destiny affect on Modern United States During the mid 1800’s America was at a peak of nationalism, which involved their religious beliefs. Manifest destiny describes the attitude of a white man in America during the 19th century, involving their desire for evangelization, white supremacy, and westward expansion. To a majority of the Americans, manifest destiny was a proud accomplishment they would be faced with. Manifest destiny had a negative impact on the Native Americans, however, itRead MoreManifest Destiny And American Territorial Expansion Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesideology of expansionism; the ideology became simply known as Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, written by Amy S. Greenburg, deeply explains the motivation of the individuals looking to expand their settlements westward. Since the time of publication, we have realized that we could have handled the situation, in which we removed the inhabitants of the west from their homeland, in a better way. Americans be lieved that it was their God-given right to expand westwardRead MoreInsight about the Mexican War and the Manifest Destiny Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesask yourself, What is the Mexican War and how did it begin? or What is Manifest Destiny and who came up with it? Those are all very good questions, so let me take the time to give you some insight about the Mexican war and Manifest Destiny. The Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from coast to coast. It was the concept that which heavily influenced American policy in the 1800s. Americans supported the manifest destiny because the Southerners wantedRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pageswould evolve into the American ideology known today as Manifest Destiny. Still, it was not until 1834 that the newspaper editor, John L. OSullivan, is believed to have first coined the phrase â€Å"Manifest Destiny† when he said in his article Annexation, ...our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions (OSullivan 2). Manifest Destiny produced many conflicts, like the Mexican American War, caused the genocide ofRead MoreManifest Destiny : Ugly Truth Behind Pretty Lies887 Words   |  4 Pages Manifest Destiny: Ugly Truth Behind Pretty Lies? The point of view upon Manifest Destiny that I found most convincing and close to my own interpretation was â€Å"Manifest Destiny as an expression of white superiority is but one explanation for what became a clear rise of anti-Mexican sentiments in the 1850s†. This perspective to me seemed to be the only one that did not skirt around what seemed to be the logical truth and explanations for why Manifest Destiny took place: for the prospects they wereRead MoreEssay On Manifest Destiny1432 Words   |  6 Pages Manifest Destiny has many topics to choose from, the Annexation and war with Mexico being one of them. Annexation is the action of invading, most times it was about invading land. There were more Americans living in Texas then there were Mexicans. Eventually Texas became an independent republic in 1836, this simply added to the events leading up to the war with Mexico. The purpose of this essay is to understand the Annexation of Texas, how the war with Mexico began, what happened in the MexicanRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Many Americans in the early 1800s believed that it was the destiny of America to control all of the North American continent. This belief was called Manifest Destiny. The term originated from a New York newspaper editorial of December 27, 1845, which declared that the nations manifest destiny was to over spread and to possess the whole continent, to develop liberty and self-government to all. In the eyes of the Americans, it meant that it was Gods will that Americans expand their territoryRead MoreThe United States And The Mexican War867 Words   |  4 PagesStates and Mexico fought against each other in the Mexican-American War. Some of the major causes for the war was Mexico’s resentment over the loss of Texas, Americans belief of manifest destiny and conflict over slavery. The reason Americans desired westward expansion was because of manifest destiny. Manifest destiny was the belief that westward expansion which was supposedly part of God’s plan to extend the U.S. territory to the pacific (The Mexican War). The U.S. also annexed Texas without the agreementRead MoreManifest Destiny Of The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesManifest destiny is one of the beliefs that existed in the United States. The latter stated belief claimed that, the settlers based in America were allowed to spread all over the continent. However, historians came into an agreement that three themes exist in relation to manifest destiny, and this include: the America’s special virtue and their institutions; America’s mission that aimed at redeeming and rebuilding the western part as per the agrarian America, and a destiny that will enhance the

Consider changes Owen made in Anthem For Doomed Youth....

Consider changes Owen made in Anthem For Doomed Youth. How effective do you find them in presenting the Pity of War? In this essay I intend to analysis how effective the redrafts of the poem Anthem For Doomed Youth by comparing the first and final drafts. I will go about this task by comparing and contrasting the parts of the poem, which have been change to the ones, which appeared in the final draft. The first change that one is confronted with is the change of the title. Owen begins with the word dead, which is changed to doomed. The reason for changing this is because it makes the readers first impressions very deep. The word doomed hits closer to home than the word dead as doomed creates image sin the readers†¦show more content†¦The word fast seems to not be as exploitive enough to help convey the message Owen is attempting to create. This again helps emphasise the Pity of War. In line two the reference to guns is changed from our to the this creates a sense of opposition within the poem again linking in with what the nature of war and creating a sense of them and us this is a very small change but it suggests to the reader that there is no end due to the fact that if the enemy does not stop their fighting then they cannot either. The overall impact of the line of the guns makes the whole connotation seem much more sinister and threatening. In the third line there is a significant change of the phrases Owen uses. It is clear that in the first draft Owen uses personification to an extent that the reader could say he is trying to hard. He then changes technique to one of alliteration and creates a line of riffles rapid fire which is much harder hitting again keeping in the line with the way that Owen is conveying the Pity of War but he also keeps in trend with the two structures of the poem. The line riffles rapid fire has a sense of speed to it, which is what the first stanza is all about. Stuttering is also a significant word, as the action to stutter is to do something again and again just like the gunfire that the soldiers would be subject to. In line four the main change is the usage of the word patter. This,Show MoreRelatedAnthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen1378 Words   |  6 PagesWilfred Owen is today recognised as the greatest poet of the first World War, his poetry at the time was considered to be controversial as it revealed the truths behind trench warfare and contradicted popular attitudes at the time. The works of Wilfred Owen, and specifically, the poems of ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ are both successful in powerfully giving a voice to the soldiers of war and conveying the dark and inextricable truth behind war provoking the reader to considerRead MoreThe Tradition Of War Poetry Essay2221 Words   |  9 PagesPoetry By comparing and contrasting a selection of war poems consider the ways in which attitudes to war have been explored and expressed. When considering poetry written post 1900 concentrate on a selection of poems written by Wilfred Owen. Humans have turned to poetry in many different instances as a way of expressing them selves, using the best combination of words, in the best order to express exactly how they are feeling at that moment. Poetry is one of the mostRead More Different Attitudes of the First World War as Expressed in Poems by Various Artists2568 Words   |  11 Pagescountry and show the women their braveness, they thought they would come back heroes, however they did not know what happened beyond the cheerful and brave faces seen in the news papers and the blissful time the soldiers had in their letters home. This made many more men go to war. Things gradually changed, death, disease, mud, it had suddenly hit that to fight for your country was not such an honour. Soldiers firstly began to write poetry because poetry was the most important mode of expression forRead MoreThe Portrayal of War in Lord Byron’s The Destruction of Sennacherib, Wilfred Owen’s Dulce Et Decorum Est and Tennyson’s The Charge of The Light Brigad1761 Words   |  8 Pagesthe subject of different views of war. ‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’ and ‘The Charge of the Light brigade’ were written pre 1914 whereas ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est was written post 1914’. Dulce et decorum est, was written by Wilfred Owen, and is meant to portray the harshness of the first world war. This was mainly to combat writers such as Jesse Pope, who portrayed the war as â€Å"a game†. Lord Byron’s the destruction of Sennacherib, was written pre 1914, and he used secondary

Indian Past Is A Land Of Treasure English Literature Essay Free Essays

Indo-nostalgia can non be defined in a individual sentence. It is more a thing of realisation, of perceptual experience. It does non lie in alien content but in the head behind the organisation of that content. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Past Is A Land Of Treasure English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether one writes about apples or flowers or Mangifera indicas or mountains. The point ‘life attitudes ‘ , ‘modes of perceptual experience ‘ is of import in this connexion. In other words, ‘It is India in microcosm ‘ . It is the sum sum of all that is reflected in the manner of life of Indian people- their thought procedures and mentality on life and their demands, purposes and aspirations. Furthermore it is an foreign esthesia. Indian consciousness is deep-seated doctrine hence there is no better yardstick than Indo-nostalgia to mensurate the civilization of the state and to value Indian fiction. Furthermore, Indo-nostalgia is a fictional technique to project the image of India, non merely to convey with her ain cultural individuality but besides to make an consciousness of this individuality in the heads of her ain people and the remainder of the universe. Indo-Nostalgic Writing- A Novel Experiment: Indian novels are thoroughly Indian in intervention and esthesia. What characterizes the Indo-nostalgic authorship is really the head, the psyche behind the organisation of the content, the life-attitudes and manners of perceptual experience. Rooted in the native psyche, the Indian author struggles to get by with the spirit of the modern universe and puts Forth its ain curious fruit. Bhabani Bhattacharjee says in an interview that the fruit-bearing- â€Å" has non merely been traditionalaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦a author can non populate without roots. An Indian author deeply concerned with lives of the people can non acquire transplanted from the Earth of centuries-old traditions despite full exposure to alien influences. † Indian English authors are nourished by the foreigner consciousness. They province how they have been in the Indian surroundings and compose about their experiences of today ‘s Indian society without losing the national individuality. Indian English literature is greatly conditioned by Indian geographics, Indian manner of life, and civilization and address wonts in different lingual countries. An Indian author can asseverate he is right in researching himself as an Indian English writer- that his landscape is Indian, his idea is moulded by his political, societal, economic and philosophical scene, so on and so forth. What they see is the Indian scene- the flowers, the fruits the trees, the mountains, the gardens, the temples, the huts, the trough, the motley, multi-lingual people and what they feel the effervescence of the Indian disposition. Professor Srinivasa Iyengar justly points out the true Indian consciousness as: â€Å" To be Indian in idea and feeling, emotion and experience, yet besides to tribunal the graces and submit to the subject of English for look, is a noel experiment in originative mutant. There are successes and failures, and the failures are possibly more legion than the successes. All the same there are the work forces and adult females who have courageously run the race and reached the end, and they deserve due acknowledgment. † I have chosen some representative novels of Shashi Tharoor for scrutiny, analysed and evaluated the selected novels against the background of the societal, political, cultural and literary scene of India to get at the much desired decision. I have tried to do it clear in my survey that the construct of Indo-nostalgia is neither a replacement for subject nor even a deliberate chase to make a sort of self-mystification. It is the self-generated flow of the heritage of Indian civilization and non merely a fast one that develop an inventive endowment. It is an artistic engagement that affects the Indian originative spirit.i.e. ‘Conscious fictions ‘ and ‘wistful symbols ‘ to detect Indo-nostalgia. Myth as a Particular characteristic technique of Indo-nostalgia: The word ‘Myth ‘ has been so invariably used in literature of the universe over the last few decennaries that it has now become something of a cliche of the literary unfavorable judgment. Besides its usage in literary unfavorable judgment, the term is besides used in a assortment of significances in sociology, anthropology, psychological science, doctrine and in comparative faith, each field of survey puting it with different intensions. But its usage in literature is more extended now-a-days and involvements the literary critics more widely than anyone else. One basic inquiry mom harvest up as to why are myths of import in the survey of literature? Why do myths run so strongly in the modern literary plants? Why are myths and legends a important factor in the thought form of the authors? The reply to these inquiries is non hard to happen. It is really interesting to theorize why poets and authors have ever been drawn towards myths and fables. The first and first ground may be their quality of eternity and antiquity. Myths are old faraway distant things ; of course they lend enchantment and appeal to the modern people. The appeal of the Indian fabulous narratives, in malice of their distance from modern-day world does hold a sort of cardinal significance. The Indian authors are cognizant of this and recreated the myths with all their literary possibilities. Another ground is that myths along with common people narratives and ancient fables provide abstract narrative forms. Northrop Fry has made a important comment on this: â€Å" Writers are interested in ( them ) for the same ground that painters are interested in still life agreements because they illustrate indispensable rules of story-telling. † There is another ground in favor of the presence of myths in literature. This position may non be accepted by all but its importance can non be ruled out entirely. It is the nature of all myths. Writers and poets are ever attracted to myths-mainly because myth is literature. Myth ethical, philosophical, spiritual and cultural. Indian myths are portion of Indian literature ; we can therefore assert that myth embodies the nature and spirit of full literature. Hence, Shashi Tharoor makes extended usage of myths in his fiction. At first, I make a comprehensive analysis of the differentiation between the witting and unconscious usage of myth. In literature, there are chiefly two ways in which myths are used. Of the two utilizations, the witting usage of myth is a popular literary device and portion of the modern universe. This is the method used by Eliontt in ‘The Waste Land ‘ by James Joyce in ‘Ulysses ‘ , by E. M. Forster in ‘A Passage to India ‘ and by O’neill in ‘Mourning Becomes Electra ‘ etc. All these authors differ widely in their techniques and purposes, but there is one common component in their diverse methods. Each of them uses fabulous or classical state of affairss or characters in a modern context, thereby seeking to light the quandary of modern-day adult male, sing him in a larger position of clip. The naive reader reads the narrative for its ain interest, but when the mythical or classical analogue is recognized, his response to the work is enriched by an component of acknowledgment. To run into our terminals in this affair, we shall see non merely the literary myths used by them such as narratives from the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Puranas- but besides from the local fables, folk-lore every bit good as crude rites like the ritual for rain, for crop or birthrate and similar other beginnings in order to add to the novels a particular feature of Indo-nostalgia. The Scope of Myth in making Indo-nostalgia: The thing may non look to be hard at all because the people of India are closer to their mythology than the modern Irish or British people are to Celtic or Greek fables. The Indian people are profoundly consciousness of their civilization – their rich yesteryear. They still grow up absorbing the myths and fables of the state. Here it is about a usage to declaim the fabulous narratives to the kids and along with their growing they of course develop a strong captivation to this aureate exchequer of the myths. The public recitation of narratives from the Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranas indicating out its modern-day relevancy is even now a life tradition. The influence of the heroic poems in our national life is so ascendant and far-reaching that if a universe position is required to do literature meaningful in footings of shared human experiences so the Indian Epics offer a widely accepted footing of such a common background which permeates the corporate unconscious of the whol e state. Thematic Preoccupations of Indo-nostalgia: Indian novel reveals the Indian character and Indian life. The author and his audience portion a similar background and common experiences because the cultural units in India tend to be aliened on thematic lines such as faith, civilization, ethnicity etc. The creative activity of Indo-nostalgia in Indian novels is a fresh experience and the procedure by which it has been done is one of progressive ego find for the state. This creative activity of a clearly Indian consciousness and its appropriate look in art distinguishes Indian fiction from that of another state. In fact, these novels achieve a cosmopolitan vision through the representation of a existent piece of Indian life. How to cite Indian Past Is A Land Of Treasure English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Italian Renaissance (427 words) Essay Example For Students

Italian Renaissance (427 words) Essay Italian RenaissanceTheancestors of man were experimenting with art over 12 thousand years ago,paintings as far back as 15,000 to 10,000 BC have been found in caves. Ourhistory of painting was slow to mature into the art we know and appreciatetoday. The most prolific period was the Renaissance period, with some of thebest known masters being represented by this period. The Italian Renaissance wasas the name implies the rebirth of painting. This does not imply that all theadvances of painting came from this period but that the masters learned tocombine new and old. The Italian artist Masaccio, was referred to by some as thefather of Renaissance painting. Masaccio made notable advances in the styles ofpaintings such as perspective, space, and surrounding his subjects in light andair. Masaccio was the next great Italian painter after Giotto who died in 1337. Giotto who painted during the gothic period was able to display naturalistichuman dramas and used characteristics with renaissance qualities. Some of thesewere showing figures as solid and weighty characters. Masaccio recognized whatGiotto had initiated and brought it forward with other characteristics aspreviously mentioned. The other two artist who deserve recognition in the earlypart of the Italian renaissance are Brunilleschi and Donatello for theirinnovations in linear perspective in sculpture and architecture. An importantscientific innovation by Masaccio was in the Holy Trinity with the Virgin andST. John. The setting reveals a complete command of Brunelleschis newarchitecture and of scientific perspective. This barrel vaulted chamber is aplace that the figures could move freely if they wished. For the first time inhistory, we are given all the needed data to measure the depth of this paintedinterior. We note that all the lines perpendicular to the picture plane convergeupon a point below the foot of the cross, on the platform that supports thekneeling donors. To see the fresco properly, we must face this point, which isat normal eye level, somewhat more than five feet above the floor of the church. Masaccio had a very short career that ended at age 27 when he died while inRome. His death left a gap that was not filled for some time. Fra Filippo Lippiseems to have had close contact with Masaccio and used many of his techniques. It did however lack Masaccios monumentality and severity and could beconsidered even cluttered. Masaccio was said to be absent minded, whimsical, andone who paid little attention to himself and others but the contribution he madeto the advancement in paintings changed it forever. The renaissance periodcontinued to flourish and produce many more masters in the field of painting.

11 Facts on Non-College Education for a Persuasive Speech

11 Facts on Non-College Education for a Persuasive Speech If you are looking for facts on non-college education for a persuasive speech, consider the information below: The majority of non-college educated Republicans in America view racism as less of an issue compared to those who have a college education. In places like South Carolina, most non-college educated Republicans took no issue with a Confederate flag being hoisted on statehouse grounds. Perhaps the most shocking find of a recent Pew Research Center study was that white Republicans who do not have a college education do not feel that voting gives any voice to the people. They believe that there is no point in voting and will not go to the polls because of it. This level of ignorance is pervasive and continues to undermine legitimate government systems around the world. Today 62% of non-college educated Republicans saw immigrants as a significant burden on the country. Only 26% of non-college educated Republican thought that immigrants strengthen the country. But among those white college graduates who were Republicans, the opinion about whether immigrants are a burden or whether they strengthen the country was relatively divided. White Republicans without a college education were more skeptical about whether voting actually gives citizens a voice. In fact, 44% claimed that voting by average people does not impact how the government is operated, and 3% of white Republicans with a college education claimed the same. Only 38% of Republicans like the elected officials who have ever compromised compared to 59% of Democrats who like it when their politicians compromise. Those without a college education strongly disliked any politician who compromises, and only 1/3rd of voters see any politician who compromises in a positive light. In contrast, only half of college educated participants had favorable views of those who compromised. White Republicans without a college education are more likely to be critical about the business and economic fairness in America compared to those white Republicans with a college education. Half of those white Republicans without a college education believe that businesses make reasonable profits, but the other half said they made too much. 68% of white Republicans with a college education believe that corporations have reasonable profits with 27% believing their profits are excessive. The majority of white Republicans without college education have doubts about the equality of the U.S. economic system, with 60% believing that it favors the most powerful citizens and only 37% believing it is fair to the majority of Americans. But among those white Republicans with a college education, 55% view the system as fair. Among the Republican Party there is widespread dissatisfaction with the politics, with 79% of all Republicans stating that their side loses more often than it wins in political arguments. Both educated and non-educated white Republicans were angry with the federal government. However, among white Republicans without a college education they were more likely to view politics today as a struggle between what is right and what is wrong. Those white Republicans with a college education only felt in 35% of cases that the political issues facing the Republican party were issues of right versus wrong. Studies have indicated that there is a strong difference between the political views of people who have a college education and people who dont. There is also a difference between the amount of money which can be earned by those who have a college education vs. those who do not, a difference which only continues at the mid-level and top-tier levels of a given career. Today, college graduates between the age of 25 and 32 who are working full-time will make roughly $17,000 more than their peers to only have a high school diploma. Naturally those who begin earning a college degree at the age of 18 will be better off compensating for the cost of Education compared to those who complete a degree later on and lose valuable years at a mid-level pay scale. Today many people are questioning whether receiving a college education is worth the cost for particularly with regard to what career potential is available after graduation. The annual cost for undergraduate tuition as well as room and board reaches $12,000 for public institutions and $32,000 for private institutions each year. This means that a modest education, that which is defined as a bachelors degree from a public university, will cost $50,000 minimum. Attending a top-tier private university will quadruple this expense. Adding to this the opportunity cost, which means the amount of money a person could have earned over the span of 4 years by working at a job rather than studying, and this money begins to add up quite quickly. The real question on many peoples minds today is how long it takes a new graduate to recuperate from all of these costs. Individuals who have no degree but are willing to complete Advanced Training such as a technical school can earn roughly $30,000 a year as a beginner. This means that over the course of 4 years they can make $120,000 while the college enrolled counterpart will make next to nothing and will earn a great deal of debt in the process. In fact, the average debt for student loans is around $25,000 and those who earn advanced degrees often have $100,000 on average in debt. The beginning earning for a non-college graduate starts at about $28,000 with a mid-level earning potential of $47,000 and a top level earning potential of $79,000. Somebody with a 4 year degree or higher will start earning $51,000 a year making $85,000 per year at the mid-level point and averaging $130,000 a year at the top level. The math indicates that those who have a four-year degree will earn over 1 million dollars more compared to those who do not during the course of their career. This of course does not necessarily apply to people who have a short career and decide to stop working just a few years after they graduate, in which case the degree does not pay off. It also does not apply to those who are enlisted in the military as it can take several years to earn a college degree while working in the military. Hope these 11 facts gave you a better grasp over the topic at hand. They were selected specifically to get you up the speed. If you are still feeling lost with your task we also have 20 sub-topics and a manual on a  controversial persuasive speech for students. References: 20 Great Jobs Without A College Degree | Careercast.Com.  Careercast.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 May 2016. Brodhead, Richard H.  The Good Of This Place. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. Print. Conchas, Gilberto Q and James Diego Vigil.  Streetsmart Schoolsmart. Print. New Study: The Scary Difference Between Non-College Educated White Republicans- And The Educated.  Daily Kos. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 May 2016. Nisen, Max. Google Has Started Hiring More People Who Didnt Go To College.  Business Insider. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 May 2016. Smith, Samantha et al. A Divide Between College, Non-College Republicans.  Pew Research Center. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 May 2016. Strayhorn, Terrell L and Melvin C Terrell.  The Evolving Challenges Of Black College Students. Sterling, Va.: Stylus, 2010. Print.

10 50th Birthday Quotes

10 50th Birthday Quotes The half-century birthday calls for a big celebration. The  50th birthday  heralds the rebirth of a relaxed person who has fulfilled many of his obligations.  Do not count lifes success by benchmarks or years; count the blessings bestowed upon you. Life looks different when it does not saddle you with the responsibilities and ambition you faced earlier. The most important time in your life is now.  When you are ready to walk into the sunset, make sure that you dont look back and wonder why you missed out on all those beautiful moments that came by. Here are the thoughts of various people on the 50th birthday and midlife in general: Joan Rivers: Famously Acerbic American Comedian, Actress, and Producer, 1933-2014 Looking 50  is great if you’re 60. George Orwell:  English Author of  1984 and Animal Farm, 1903-1950 At age 50, everyone has the face he deserves. James A. Garfield: U.S. President, 1831-1881 (Assassinated)   If wrinkles must be written upon our brows, let them not be written upon the heart. The spirit should never grow old. Richard John Needham: Canadian Newspaper Humor Columnist, 1912-1996 The seven ages of man: spills, drills, thrills, bills, ills, pills, and wills. Pablo Picasso: Spanish Painter, Sculptor, Cubism Pioneer, and Author, 1881-1973 The years between 50 and 70 are the hardest. You are always being asked to do things, and yet you are not decrepit enough to turn them down! Jack Benny: American Comedian and Actor, Perennially Age 39, 1894-1974 The old believe everything; the middle-aged suspect everything; the young know everything! Lucille Ball: American Comedian, Actress, and Early Sitcom Star, 1911-1989 Middle age is when your age starts to show around your middle! Muhammad Ali: American Boxer and Amateur Philosopher, 1942-2016 The man who views the world at  50 the same as he did at 20 has wasted 30 years of his life. George Bernard Shaw: Irish Playwright of  Pygmalion, 1856-1950 Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you dont mind, it doesnt matter! Don Marquis: American Humorist, Novelist, and Playwright, 1878-1937 Middle age is the time when a man is always thinking that in a week or two he will feel as good as ever.

THE MID-EAST Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE MID-EAST - Research Paper Example Israel is further right in their claim that Jews probably need a state of their own – after the tragedies of the holocaust, where the entire people was nearly exterminated, it is impossible to argue that Jewish safety is not augmented by the state (27). Both sides thus have the â€Å"right† on their side, leading them to feel entirely justified in any actions they take to achieve their aims – after all, they are in the â€Å"right.† This argument obscures, however, the fact that a just cause is not all that constitutes being in the right. The actions one takes to achieve one’s goals are also incredibly important, and both Israel and Palestine put themselves in the wrong in this way. Israel has waged wars that have cost countless civilian lives, while some Palestinians have resorted to terrorist tactics, targeting civilians in the attempt to achieve their aim. So while the fundamental argument of both sides might keep them in the right, their tactics place them squarely in the wrong. This quotation may be an apt one – certainly it has been impossible for lasting peace to be achieved in the middle east for some time now, despite monumental efforts by everyone involved. The Six Day’s war, rather than leading to lasting peace, for instance, only intensified the conflict within the Levant itself (Shoshan 38), and the more recent war against Palestine by Israel served only to inflame opposition and further empower Hamas. This quote obscures, however, the fact that there is still a possibility of peace, and simply because the current political situation is not conducive to it does not mean that it will never happen. One of the fundamental problems with conflict in the middle east is the fact that there has rarely been representative governments – before the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the recent Arab Spring, dictators or clans have been the norm of power in the Middle East. This is conducive to violence, because a) democracies have little qualms

Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace - Essay Example Amitav Ghosh's "The Glass Palace" starts off in Burma in the year 1885, showing monarchy, at its last gasp at the hands of the British, through a stark contrast between the life of a penniless orphan who would later become rich and the unfortunate royal family with its luxurious graces to be condemned to downfall and destitution. The change of power is sudden, and dramatically affects the lives of those involved: "This is how power is eclipsed: in a moment of vivid realism, between the waning of one fantasy of governance and its replacement by the next, in an instant when the world springs free of its moorings of dreams and reveals itself to be girdled in the pathways of survival and self-preservation."But there is more; the sweeping saga that covers continents and generations in its span is at once a political and social commentary on colonialism, an epic tale of the dehumanizing effects of racism and dispossession. Also remarkably, it is a few family chronicles intertwined as a rom antic narrative of serendipitous meetings and reunions between more than a dozen characters.Rajkumar, the primary protagonist, is an orphan eleven-year-old stuck in Mandalay. An extremely resourceful boy, he is a survivor, a child with no relations who forges some as he goes along in the form of Saya John and his son, Matthew. He witnesses the tragic irony that marks the deposition of the King Thebaw and Queen Supayalat, and the subsequent loot of abode of the most venerated couple in the country at the hands of his simple, worshipful subjects who turn to robbery at the combined behest of desperation and unforeseen opportunity, and it is here he meets the memorable Dolly, the "most beautiful girl he had ever seen". Ghosh's depiction of the court are picturesque, painting a Burma of former glory and his description of the King's exile in its anguish and inevitability is almost lyrical, "He sat in one of the armchairs and watched the ghostly shadows of coconut palms swaying on the room's white plaster walls. In this room the hours would accumulate like grains of sand until they buried him." The story continues with the plight of the royal family in Ratnagiri, India, where Dolly is still taking care of the daughters. The family is under the protection of District Collector Dey, (who is somewhat of a motif for oppression by those who were not British, but served Britain nevertheless, a continuing theme in the novel) whose restless, intelligent and vivacious wife Uma befriends Dolly, to begin a relationship that would last a lifetime. Rajkumar, on the other hand remains with Saya John in Burma, where under his tutelage and support works in the lumber industry, because the British have turned their ravenous eyes on teak by this time, and there is much money to be made. Again here is an underlying theme of Indians and not the colonial Britishers being the direct agency of exploitation, because the Indians profited out of the business that drained Burma, a fact that does not escape the author's scathing notice. Rajkumar, after earning his riches sets off to find Dolly, and with some help from Uma, marries his first love. The rest of the novel spans the generations of connections between Rajkumar, Dolly, Saya John's family, and Uma's family against the backdrop of Burma, India, Malaya, New York and modern Myanmar. From the breed of those that worked within the confines of a British-ruled system, by harvesting teak and rubber using slave labor in order to build a prosperous family dynasty, like Rajkumar and Saya John, we come to a generation of those that are caught up in the dilemma between a British upbringing and education and the conscience that speaks to them of an independent India, like Uma's nephew, Arjun. Once widowed, Uma sets about traveling the world and gains radical views on India's independence. The ties between her and Dolly are further reinforced when her niece Manju marries Dolly's son Neel. Neel's brother, Dinu, meets and falls for Alison, the granddaughter of Saya John, who had taken Rajkumar under

Importance of Research in Nursing Practice and Theories

Importance of Research in Nursing Practice and Theories Introduction This essay will consider the definition of nursing research, different types of research and design, and why research is important in nursing practice. It will also illustrate examples of research influencing practice, and make recommendations for current or future practice. Main Body Nursing research can be defined as any scientific (i.e. systematic) enquiry into the effectiveness or value of nursing practice (Parahoo, 1997; Sullivan, 1998; Polit Beck, 2004). It denotes any empirical evidence on which nursing care is based. This includes both quantitative and qualitative research evidence (Comack, 1996). Qualitative research essentially entails analysis of individual subjective experience. It focuses on meanings and experiences as conveyed for example through philosophies such as grounded theory, phenomenology, discourse analysis, and experientialism (Coolican, 1994). Data collection is typically in the form of interviews, case studies, and systematic observation, while data analysis generally involves the identification of themes, for example through thematic analysis. Quantitative research relies on positivist philosophy, where only measurable phenomena are considered worthy of investigation. Randomised clinical trials (i.e. controlled experiments) are the preferred method of inquiry albeit questionnaire and archive-based surveys, in the form of retrospective or prospective designs, and other methodologies, may also be used. Data analysis is based on statistical tests (Howitt Cramer, 2005). Why is research important? Given the growing emphasis on evidence-based practice in nursing care across the Western world (Sullivan, 1998), there is a need for an ample body of accumulated empirical evidence to which nurses can refer in order to inform clinical practice (Polit Beck, 2004). Any responsible and accountable vocation claiming to be a profession, and answerable to a professional body, requires an empirical evidence base. This is the only way that standards of practice can be evaluated and improved, for the benefit of the general public. The value of empirical evidence, as contrasted with casual observation and anecdotes, is that it is systematic and typically obtained under controlled conditions. Research enables nursing practice to keep pace with a rapidly changing world in which health care practices must continually improve to meet changing and ever more demanding patient expectations and requirements (Eastabrooks, 1998). Only through continued research activity can a ppropriate evidence-based ‘best practice’ guidelines be introduced to ensure the good quality nursing care (Ring et al, 2005). Examples where research influences nursing practice aren’t difficult to find (Polit Beck, 2004). A review of electronic databases such as Internurse, High-Wire Press, Science Direct, and Academic Search Premier, yields an abundance of quantitative and qualitative studies on nursing practice. Five varied examples are as follows, including both quantitative and qualitative research; Meyer et al (2002); Barr et al (2005); Hughes Umeh (2005); Ring et al (2005), and Lee Knight (2006). Meyer et al (2002) conducted a randomised clinical trial contrasting the effectiveness of two different bandaging techniques nurses use for treating venous leg ulcers. The study showed that ulcers treated with higher compression bandaging didn’t heal any quicker than ulcers administered lower compression bandages. Barr et al (2005) studied archived data of all self-harm patients who presented at A E units over a given period, to ascertain the extent to which nurses carry out psychosocial assessment. It emerged that nurses do not always conducted psychological evaluations, as stipulated. However, patients were more likely to be assessed if they were considered ‘high risk’. Hughes and Umeh (2005) studied stresses experienced by nurses at work. Extremely heavy and stressful workloads can impair the quality of nursing care, for example by increasing the frequency of sick leave. Certain nursing groups may be more susceptible to stress, with implications for clinical practice. This study was based on a questionnaire survey, administered to general and psychiatric nurses. Analysis revealed that general nurses experienced more stress than their psychiatric counterparts, notably in the absence of social support from colleagues, friends, and family. Ring et al (2005) employed a qualitative design to evaluate the degree to which nurses adhere to best practice statements (BPS) in clinical practice. BPS reduce variations in the quality of care patients receive, and hence is a fundamental component of clinical practice. The methodology involved conducting semi-structured interviews with a small group of registered nurses involved in the formulation of BPS. Several themes emerged from the data, indicating considerable variation in the implementation of BPS. Hareendran et al (2005) also used a qualitative method. This study aimed to establish the effect that venous leg ulcers may have on a patients’ quality of life. Patients suffering from venous ulcers attended semi-structured interviews and completed a questionnaire. Interview transcripts showed that ulcers caused uncomfortable symptoms (e.g. itching, pain, interrupted sleep) in the majority of patients. Furthermore, one-half of patients were dissatisfied with the quality of care they received. Clearly, these examples illustrate how research evidence can influence clinical practice. For example, Meyer et al’s (2002) study could facilitate understanding of the impact of bandaging, and improve care delivery, such that ulcer patients aren’t unnecessarily inconvenienced by highly compressed bandaging which clearly isn’t going to speed up recovery. Hughes and Umeh’s (2005) study may lead to better redistribution of workloads, and more potent social support systems, thereby maintain the quality of care nurses dispense. Despite the advantages, there are significant barriers to research utilisation. Consider the notion of best practice guidelines. These are standards firmly rooted in empirical research, consistent with ethos of evidence-based practice. However, nurses have identified considerable hindrances to such evidence-based practice (Polit Beck, 2004), including a lack of resource, deficient training, a general apathy towards change amongst nursing staff, multidisciplinary issues that are difficult to resolve, and a lack of inspirational clinical leadership at local level (Ring et al, 2005). One way to resolve these hindrances is clearly by improving nurse training, for example, in how to translate raw research findings into practice, and/or liase with other health professionals in working out how best to implement a best-practice statement. Nurses can also be encouraged to form and/or join a journal club (Wikipedia, 2006). This is essentially a group of individuals who convene on a regular ba sis to review recent empirical findings and perhaps work out feasible modalities to translate evidence into practice. Conclusion Overall undertaking rigorous research and translating evidence into practice are indispensable elements in the development of any profession, and nursing practice is no exception. On a positive note there is continued (and growing emphasis) on evidence-based nursing practice, supported by both the Department of Health, and Nursing Midwifery Practice Development Unit (NMPDU). Despite inconsistent implementation, nursing care is likely to continue to benefit from empirical research. However, on a less optimist note, a review of nursing research indicates a paucity of randomised clinical trials. The bulk of empirical evidence appears to be based on less rigorous research methodologies, making it difficult to establish causal relationships. For example, although qualitative evidence has revealed potential barriers to research utilisation, it isn’t certain there is a causal link between these factors. Future research needs to redress this imbalance. Bibliography Barr, W., Leitner, M. Thomas, J. (2005) Psychosocial assessment of patients who attend an accident and emergency department with self-harm. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 12, pp.130-138. Coolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London: Hodder Stoughton. Cormack, D. (2000) The Research Process in Nursing: Fourth Edition. London: Blackwell Science. Eastabrooks, C.A. (1998) Will evidence-based nursing practice make practice perfect. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 30, pp.15-36. Lee, S. Knight, D. (2006) District nurses’ involvement in mental health: an exploratory survey. British Journal of Community Nursing, 11, pp.138-142. Hafner, J., Botonakis, I. Burg, G. (2000) A Comparison of Multilayer Bandage Systems During Rest, Exercise, and Over 2 Days of Wear Time. Archives of Dematology, 136, pp.857-863. Hareendran. A., Bradbury, A., Budd, J., Geroulakos, G., Hobbs, R., Kenkre J. Symonds, T. (2005) Measuring the impact of venous leg ulcers on quality of life. Journal of Wound Care, 14, pp.53-57. Howitt, D. Cramer, D. (2005) Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology. London: Pearson. Hughes, H. Umeh, K. (2005) Work stress differentials between psychiatric and general nurses. British Journal of Nursing, 14, pp.802-808. Meyer, F.J., Burnand, K.G., Lagattolla, N.R.F. Eastham, D. (2002) Randomised clinical trial comparing the efficacy of two bandaging regimens in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. British Journal of Surgery, 89, pp.40-44. Parahoo K. (1997). Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issues. Basingstoke: Macmillan Polit D.F. Beck C.T. (2004) Nursing Research Principles and Methods (7th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott. O’Brien, J.F., Grace, P.A., Perry, I.J., Hannigan, A., Moloney, M.C. Burke, P.E. (2003) Randomised clinical trial and economic analysis of four-layer compression bandaging for venous ulcers. British Journal of Surgery. 90, pp.794-798. Ring, N., Malcolm, C., Coull, A., Murphy-Black, T. Watterson, A. (2005) Nursing best practice statements: an exploration of their implementation in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, pp.1048-1058. Sullivan P (1998) Developing evidence-based care in mental health nursing. Nursing Standard. 12, pp.35-38. Wikipedia (2006 Journal Club [online] MediaWiki: Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_club [Accessed April 15 2007]

Dubai Culture Essay

Dubai is generally an Arabic country with Arab as its official language. However this should not scare you in any way because there are so many foreigners from all over the world who come as businesspeople, tourists or workers. This means that English is used as a language of communication because it common to many. In fact most of all road and location sign posts are in English and Arabic, this also includes restaurant menus, shop signs and so on. http://www. dubai-101. com/dubai-culture/dubai-culture-3. htm Dubai is therefore a cosmopolitan city because of the different nationalities that have converged here. This means that visitors can dress however they like but must be careful not to antagonize the local Muslim cultures. Therefore it would not be wise for women to dress in tight or skimpy dresses; it would be regarded as disrespectful. The local people love wearing traditional dresses, with men wearing â€Å"dishdasha† or â€Å"khandura† which is a long white shirt like dress that is full length. The men also wear a â€Å"gutra† which is a red or white checked headdress. The women on the other hand wear a headscarf and a black robe-like dress called â€Å"abaya†. The abaya is worn over their normal clothes and is worn while in public. http://www. dubai-101. com/dubai-culture/dubai-culture-3. htm The city is beautiful thus photography unless for restricted areas is not prohibited. One should be careful not to photograph Muslim women since it is considered offensive. Areas that photography cannot be allowed are government buildings, ports, airports and military installations, this because of security reasons. Also before photographing anyone it is considered polite to seek their consent. The main types of dishes are Arabic cuisines and sharwama a hot lamb or chicken sandwich with vegetables is sold in the streets by vendors. Alongside this vendors are juice vendors who take advantage of the hot weather. Alcohol is limited and only allowed in licensed hotels and bars. In general the culture of Dubai is â€Å"Vibrant and very colourful. † http://www. mapsofworld. com/dubai/dubai-culture/ REFERENCES Dubai- Dubai Culture: Retrieved on 9th June 2008 from: http://www. dubai-101. com/dubai-culture/dubai-culture-3. htm Dubai Culture: Retrieved on 9th June 2008 from: http://www. mapsofworld. com/dubai/dubai-culture/

What Are the Three Levels at Which a Product Can Be Seen?

Assignment No. 9 Rome Business School Q1 What are the three levels at which a product can be seen? In response, use a concrete example of product. The product is defined as a â€Å"thing produced by labor or effort or the â€Å"result of an act or a process†and stems from the verb produce from the Latin ‘produce' which means to lead or bring forth'. The first economic use of the word was by Adam Smith, known as the father of modern economics. -Kotler et al (1989) For marketers, it is useful to divide the product into three main categories, being the Core Product ( Also known as Core Benefit), the Actual product and the Augmented Product.You can see them in the diagram below with some examples of what they encompass. -Kotler et al(2006) I shall use the example of the Adidas Sports apparel, a product line which they have used heavy societal marketing to promote. Adidas is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second largest in the world. The 11% increase in sales in 2011 thanks to their new marketing efforts has meant an income of around 634 million euros. Out of this, they invested about 136 million euros in Marketing. About 1/6th of their income. -Adidas annual report (2011)The strategy behind selling their sports apparel, has been to differentiate the offering from their competitors like Nike by providing more customization for the customers. They say their key strategic pillars are: Gaining sales and market share with key growth categories such as running and basketball within Adidas Sport Performance Leading the industry in the fields of customization and interactivity across categories Expanding Adidas Sport Style in the fast-fashion business with the Adidas NEO label It is obvious here, that Adidas has invested heavily in developing all three layers of their product.The Core Product: this is the part of the product which satisfies the basic need of a consumer by providing a basic benefit. For Adidas apparel, it provides a com fortable clothing in which to do physical exercise. Adidas, how started producing the standard type apparel shirts we see today in the 1980s when they had their largest boom in sales. The core benefit, does not however distinguish the product from competitor's offerings, but it is useful to know in order to give the company a clear idea of exactly what need they are fulfilling.The Actual Product: This is the physical product into which the core benefit is translated into, but at this stage, the marketer has to make it physically and cognitively different from the competitor's offerings in order for it to sell and retain a unique position in the customer's mind. Kotler (2006) states that this can involve deciding on the quality level, product and service features, styling, branding and packaging. It is not the same as the 4Ps of marketing, because those include place and promotion, which are not direct product attributes.I shall describe each of these so as to give a full idea of wha t Adidas has done to define and perfect the actual product. a) Product Lines: In the 1990s, Adidas subdivided their apparel to appeal to three types of customer segments: the sportsmen ( for which they opened Forever Sport), this was based on the original concept of the brand by founder Adi Dassler . He made Adidas to help athletes perform at the peak of their ability, and this goal continues to drive the brand’s activities today. Adidas performance is focused on meeting the performance needs of all athletes.Forever Sport products are â€Å"engineered to perform†, bringing high-level, performance-oriented products and innovative technologies to the market. Forever Sport is structured into five main sports categories: running, basketball, football, tennis and training for sport. The brand-followers in the lifestyle market- or which they opened the style-focused Adidas Originals . The originals line includes the brand NEO. The Label focuses on more accessible price point s, maintaing a premium to competitors. From a geneder split point of view, adidas NEO is targetting primarily the girls who account for two-thirds of the business.The Original division allows adidas to increase its reach into the lifestyle market, without losing sight of its long heritage as the original performance brand. The Original division is geared specifically toward consumers who may be less active sports participants, but who are style setters and style leaders. It is these people who set the trends which are later adopted by the mass market. Originals speak to the needs and values of the lifestyle consumer with concepts that are smart, cool, positive, modern and alive. Adidas Originals are the perfect fusion of heritage sport authenticity and global street style.Lastly, for the sports-elite Adidas opened Adidas Sports Style . Adidas defined the last one as the â€Å"Future of sportswear, which includes the labels Y-3 , Porsche Design, Adidas SLVR and Adidas NEO. Their pos itioning statement was â€Å"Style your life† . The overall marketing statement that ties these three product categories is â€Å"Adidas is in all†. They made these product lines for the general public, but the main focus was on supplying the sports wear of the major sports , focusing on football, tennis, basketball, cricket and athletics and rugby. ) Manufacturing level: Adidas owns four factories in China, the US, Germany and Japan, as well as sharing manufacturing with 863 other factories worldwide, 60% being in Asia. For the Y-3 product lines, they have used expensive materials at times such as kangroo leather ( football shoes with kangaroo leather were worn by david bechkam in 2006) , and many shoes in the SLVR style, also have camel fur and the softest of fabrics available on the market ( which inevitably drives the price up) .Most of their apparel, especially for the sports shirts is made of a polyester/cotton blends. c) Quality level and Pricing: Adidas strives to â€Å"Make athletes better† , therefore the quality of their apparel has been produced to mirror that statement. The fact that their shirts are worn by the best athletes ( and celebrities) in the world such as Rafael Nadal in tennis, David Beckham in football and Suresh Raina in Cricket only prooves the quality of the apparel they sell. In their own words Ensures Adidas material quality meets or exceeds customer expectations Ensures Adidas takes a leadership role in the industry in terms of material quality and color management Leads material quality in the pursuit for continuous product and process improvement† -Adidas (2011) In regards to pricing, Adidas is still adopting a price skimming strategy on their new products. For example, shoes in the Y3 and SLVR line cost about 300-700 USD. The price decreases with more economical brand ranges such as the Adidas originals, but still remains higher than the competitors like Puma and Nike.They do also have used however p enetration pricing, especially in their new strategic markets like central Russia and china, to ensure their products stay competitive at the point of sale. d) Styling level : The style of Adidas has been focused around being a â€Å"young† for the type of customers which were the main users of the apparel: upcoming sports men , or people who want to be in shape ( therefore feel younger). They say the design of their clothing should be â€Å" elegant, timeless, honest, inspiring and courageous†.To ensure they recruited the best designers, they opened their own design academy with schools in Tokyo, New york and London, as well as hiring what is probably the world's best youth designer, Japanese Yohji Yamamoto . e) Branding: One of the biggest marketing achievements I think has been that of Adidas’s brand management, where they established almost unparalleled brand identity. They say their brand mission was to â€Å"be the leading sports brand in the world† and they described their brand values to be â€Å"Authentic, passionate, innovative, inspirational, committed and honest.Adidas believe that consumers want choice. Therefore, the group implemented a multi-brand strategy, which allows them to capitalise on opportunities from several perspectives, as both a mass and a niche player. According to that, the brand is able to keep a unique identity and focus on its core competencies, whilst simultaneously providing the group with a broad spectrum of products. International marketing is crucial for the group in its quest to generate substantial profits; as survival depends on their established presence on the global world market.Their strategy was to concentrate on specific customer needs and wants. As they put it â€Å" Only by identifying and understanding consumers’ buying habits, their fitness level, their motivations and goals for doing sport and their individual lifestyle, can we create meaningful products, services and expe riences that build a lasting impression† To do this , they divided each product segment e. g the Adidas originals into various brands which focused on target-specific wants as as to generate greater customer loyalty.Each brand is responsible for the execution of it's own strategic focus ( DE-centralized management approach) by creating a constant stream of innovative and inspiring products and generating communication strategies that represent each brand and category in an engaging and compelling way. Their major brands are: NEO, SLVR, Y-3( high price range), Reebok ,Adidas originals, Adidas golf and CCMHockey. Reebok is an especial success story of their brand because it didn't stem rom them, but was acquired as part of a global expansion strategy in It occupies a specific market which then support's Adidas's brand strategy instead of cannibalizing it. It's market is similar to that of the Adidas Originals, Reebok is suppose to make the consumers â€Å"fit for life†. I nnovation at the brand is rooted in developing technologies and concepts that enable consumers to train at their best every day, whether they are running to keep fit, exercising in the gym or participating in other fitness activities.Reebok Classics leverages the fitness attitude and roots of the brand into the lifestyle segment. Reebok thus focuses in-between the two ends of the consumer spectrum as you can see in the diagram below To give the product a brand identity, the focused on getting Brand ambassadors within sports as well as sponsoring many team shirts and events. For example, they teamed up with FIFA, clothing most of the world's football teams including Manchester united, Barcelona, Argentina, and recently signed up Manchester united winger Nani as their new brand ambassador.It is to be noted, they do not only have one, but several brand ambassadors for their different apparel product categories. For example, they hired NBA's champion Kobe Byrant to reinforce Adidas†™s support of the â€Å"best of the athletes† and also their design credentials. f)Packaging – Adidas helps customers distinguish between the fakes and the originals with the help of it's packaging. Most clothes bought even in the shops have several tags with manufacturing details, composition, designer information, history of the item, washing guidelines and a hologram with the logo that can be seen clearly.The packaging also helps to communicate the brand value's of sustainability. The packaging for the shoes for example comes from 100% recycled material, and to save on fuel costs, the weight on packaging has decreased by 33% since 2006. g) Service Features – Adidas tries to help it's customers find the right product for them, and most of their service is centered around this. In-store they have trained staff that can consult customers what is the best product depending on the sport they do, or what they want to achieve fitness wise.They also have stylists w hich in their major stores can help a person re-define their style. Lately, they set up a VFW( a Virtual Footwear Wall) . It's the first in the world and can be found at its flagship store on London's Oxford Street, which uses advanced touchscreen technology and real-time 3D rendered products to allow customers to find out more about products before they buy. They can rotate footwear, view it from multiple angles, zoom in to see details, etc. The Augmented Product: this part of the product is the non-physical part of the product.It usually consists of lots of added value, for which you may or may not pay a premium. It may include the warranty, the customer service support offered , Installation, delivery, financing help and after-sales service. The augmented product is an important way to tailor the core or actual product to the needs of an individual customer. The features of augmented products can be converted in to benefits for individuals. For Adidas, the augmented product of th eir apparel is that it provides a complete solution for the exercising needs of the individual.Through their marketing efforts, they have created an Adidas sports community to make the customer really feel as past of a group when they purchase the apparel. Adidas provides the customers it's brand as a way of definition of the self, as one aspires to have the brand personality. It therefore can be used as an group identification tool , for the group that one belongs in, and one that they aspire to be. To help in this, Adidas offers heavy customization of the product as well as the possibility of designing and ordering team shirts.In their websites miteam. adidas. com , they really try to create a sense of â€Å"team spirit† with their brand, and often those who have bought their shirts get invited to events such as their catwalk openings. Apparel is also waranteed for 6 months after purchase, with the possibility of returns if the client is not satisfied with the product. Q2. Provide examples of the four types of consumer products and how varies the way in which they are marketed. The United States Consumer Product Safety Act has an extensive definition of consumer product, which begins:Consumer Product-The term ‘‘consumer product’’ means any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise, or (ii) for the personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; but such term does not include— (A) any article which is not customarily produced or distributed for sale to, or use or consumption by, or enjoyment of, a consumer,Kotler et al(2010) describes five main types of customer products as you can see bulleted below 1) Convenience Products are those that customers buy frequently, i mmediately and with a minimum of comparison and buying effort. e. g candy, magazines and fast food 2) Shopping products are less frequently purchased and it is those that customers compare carefully on the basis of suitability, quality, price and style. Examples are furniture, clothing, used cars, hotel and airline services. ) Specialty products are those with unique characteristics or brand identification for which a significant group of buyers is willing to make a special purchase effort . 4) Unsought product are consumer products that the consumer either does not know about or knows about but does not normally think of buying. Most major innovations are unsought until the consumer becomes aware of them through advertising. Classical examples are funerals and blood donations to the red cross. These products require a lot of advertising, personal selling and marketing efforts. ) Industrial products are those bought by individuals and organizations for further processing or for use in conducting a business. The three main groups are materials and parts, capital items and supplies and services. I have chosen four customer products, starting from the cheapest to the more expensive. I shall describe the marketing for these four consumer products: 1) Pink lady apples. ( Convenience Product) The Pink lady apples come from a variety called â€Å"cripps apples†, originally bred by John Cripps which made them an especially crisp and fruity variety.The apple variety is owned by the DAFWA( Department of Agriculture and Food,Western Australia) and run by IPLA ( International Pink lady alliance) which is a large collection of apple farmers that have special rights to cultivate the apple worldwide. Pink Lady brand apples must meet certain trade mark quality specifications. Criteria for the specifications include sugar content, firmness, blemishes and color. Inspections are regularly performed to ensure both the quality and traceability of the apple from the orchard to the shop.This is part of their marketing as the Origin is an important point of product differentiation. It brand started when one of the producers offered the apple to his wife for valentine, thus came the idea for the romantic theme of the apple and it's main slogan â€Å"Pink Lady-so much more than an apple†. Product: The main product features (part of the actual product) are : It's s elegant : with its characteristic glow and perfect complexion†¦ It’s good enough to eat ! It is sensual :with its voluptuous charm, subtle fragrance, delicate and juicy flesh, it is the most glamorous of apples.It denotes pleasure :its crunch combined with the subtle aromas of wild strawberries, vanilla, litchi and rose give this fruit a unique and long lasting taste! It is the perfect balance of sweet and slightly tart. -Pink apple. Com Their marketing campaign was aimed at increasing the apple's sales and positioning it as an apple of better taste and higher quality than comp etitor products . They succeeded, especially in Italy where 97% of the customers thought it was a higher quality apple than the others.They also highlighted the product's attributes, and marketed it for it's nutritional quality, having high amounts of Vitamin C, antioxidants and fiber. An initial campaign featuring Audrey Hepburn, heroine of cool girls the world over, propelled Pink Lady toward becoming the most popular girl in school. Marketing campaigns revolved around female-centric holidays , Valentines Day, mothers Day, and worthy, trendy causes (breast cancer research). To market the apple they have done the following: ) Branded it with appealing heart shaped stickers: Most competitors have products with round poorly visible stickers, but Pink Lady has put larger pink heart shaped stickers to attract the customers to buy the product in-store b)Promotion: Television campaign: One of the few apple companies that launched a very successful television commercial to highlight the r omantic nature of the apple . Their main target market is obviously women who care about their bodies and want to eat healthy nutritious but also great tasting apples.They also released a couple of arty Posters, featuring people eating the pink apple in Paris, worthy of bedroom decoration. Pink Lady has undertaken also a wide range of initiatives to boost the brand and consumption in the U. S. , forming alliances with other groups such as the American Cancer Council and Sherwyn Williams. The latter has been an important promotion strategy called ‘paint it pink’. Where the customers were encouraged to paint something pink in their life, and then they could submit the picture to the Pink company via their website and win cash prizes.They have also been involved in flash mob dances and enlisted Biggest Loser celebrity Ali Vincent as a Pink Lady spokesperson. It is hoped that other initiatives including pre-mix cocktail development and branded sliced apples could also boost the brand in the future. They have also aligned with Walt Disney companies to produce â€Å"Pink-Kids†, that will in the future not only sell apples that have a higher sugar content than the ones for adults, but also make pre-packaged snacks .Pink lady also uses heavy occasion-marketing , offering customers discounts, apple recipes, gift bouquets with roses and apples as well as cards with pink lady cartoons as a part to boost sales for occasions like Valentine and Mother's day. Online, through their website Pink lady offers many , recepies, competitions like the food photography award, customer opinion blogs. They use other websites such as facebook and twitter to promote awareness of the brand.They also organize and take part in events such as the Vitality show ( wellness and fitness exhibition in the UK), The Virgin London marathon and the Valentine's day bonanza, where the winner this year won a new FIAT 500. c) Elite Pricing: Pink Lady apples cost on average 3. 20 Euros per kilo, which is about 1. 50 euros more than their competitors. They distinguish their product through this, thus appealing to the more wealthy health-conscious customers. They target the generation X and baby boomer females, who have more disposable income on luxuries.As John Reeves, the CEO Says â€Å"The Pink Lady is high priced even when it’s on promotion† d) Place: Pink lady apples are not sold directly by the company but via upmarket retailers such as Coop supermarkets in Italy, or Waitrose and Sainsburys in the UK . Their marketing campaign recently has been aimed at increasing sales in developed countries of the world. Here, is an example of a couple of countries. They have started marketing with retailers in Brazil, India, China (giving import licenses in Shanghai and Shenzhen)and Russia.They do this by organizing B2B exhibitions and meetings, with potential wholesalers and retailers who then push the product to the customer through in-store promotions. For their direct customers, Pink lady applied the concept of Experiential marketing . They opened many kiosks on the high streets of the big cities like London, gave free apples away at offices, talked face to face with the customers and went into schools to tell the romantic foundation story. This really encouraged the customers to try the apple and then buy it. )Customer Relationship management : This was designed for email marketing to the 8,000 strong Pink Lady Club database to engage with Pink Lady loyalists, to promote the weekly competition www. pinkladysunshine. co. uk/your-sunshine-moment/ and encourage them online to enter the main competition. It also kept track of online poles, customer surveys and general comments posted about the apple online. Overall, the Pink lady has differentiated itself from it's competitors by positioning itself as an apple for women who was both nutritional and sensual to eat.The augmented product included the membership that one could have to the Pink club, the competitions one could enter, as well as the information one had on it's production and origins. The mainly societal marketing approach aimed to increase sales in the Northern hemisphere before moving onto the southern hemisphere worked incredibly well, letting them be the no. 1 favored apple of Europe by 2012 and providing them with a sustainable competitive advantage. 2) Zara Clothing: (Shopping Product) Zara is owned by the Inditex Group.Inditex Group is a large company based out of Spain running around one hundred stores dealing with textile design. Inditex operates over 4,350 stores worldwide with brands like Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Oysho, Pull and Bear, Zara, Zara Home, Uterque, and Stradivarius(History of Zara, 2008) Zara is present in 71 countries, with a network of 1,475 stores located in major cities throughout the world. The group also has a distribution center in Zaragoza, called Plataforma Europa, which distributes to all the Zara stores within Europe. â €  Marketline France Apparel retail industry report, 2008, pg. 20) Zara's marketing strategy has been centered around creating Zara clothing, not as a â€Å"fad† but more as a lifestyle choice for the independent working woman. They seek to bring the major catwalk models into the ordinary life by making the design more practical and economic. To do this, they had to understand the â€Å"psychology† of their customer needs. Including, what makes the customers re-buy Zara products and how they feel when they are wearing them. They discovered that 1/3 women don't like the way their clothes fit them.To overcome this, Zara recruited a team of designers that completely revolutionized the Product, making them â€Å"look beautiful† on almost every body. They did this by accentuating the style and neutralizing the body contours beneath the body. Now, the customers who wear Zara have an immediate â€Å"self esteem† boost, which is why the company boasts an incre dible growth of about 18% per year. 1) Place . Zara's target market is the Euro-chic crowd who wants more fashionable clothes with a shorter lead time. Zara produces lower quantities of clothing, therefore the supply of their items are very scarce.Zara relies more on location of a retail establishment rather than advertising to attract customers. Only . 3 percent of sales are spent on advertising for the company compared to that of its competitors who spend around 3. 5 percent. Zara is more concerned with finding the exact retail site that best suits the company rather than spending the extra money on luring customers into the store . They usually book the bottom floors in large shopping malls, so they are the first stores which a customer visits, and they also ensure that their spot on the high street Is in the most visible areas and install very large windows in their shops.The inside of their stores is usually moderately lit, with a minimalistic furniture and decor, and a definit e â€Å"professional† vibe. This matches with Zara's brand personality . 2) Pricing: Zara has often adopted a market penetration pricing strategy by positioning itself cheaper than most of it's competitors as you can see in the diagram below: c -Slideshare(2012) They give many coupons, online discounts and do frequent bargain offers in their shops. They seek to keep the prices fairly low and to provide quality. as can be seen in the diagram above). The pricing ties in with their logistics strategy to have a high turnover of clothes. Louis Vuitton's Fashion Director Daniel Pietter has described the brand as â€Å"the most innovative and devastating retailer in the world. Zara has a reputation of disrupting the market wherever it goes. A clear brand proposition has been crucial in the brand’s success. This is a great example of a brand built on a simple idea that is delivered ruthlessly and at a good price† –Daniel Pietter ,New York times(2010) ) Promotion: Zara, compared to her competitors in the haute fashion world has never been a big fan of using television commercials, but rather celebrity endorsement. The most chic considered stars like Angelina jolie, Scarlett Johanesen and Nicole Kidman have all been famous supporters of the Zara brand. To reinforce this celebrity image, all of their marketing material like their brochures glossy, expensive looking and glittery. However, they never make adverts on large billboards nor use posters. Because they do not use a lot of TV advertising, they are spending relatively little on their marketing campaign( about 0. % of total revenue). Therefore, their marketing strategy is focused around Zara's presence in the world and rapid expansion and distribution of it's stores. With more than 1,500 stores around the world in over 70 countries, they open around 150 new stores every year. With the brand becoming world renown, the company is also focusing on sustainable marketing by opening stores whic h consume 30% less energy compared to the average conventional store. The new stores also save 50% of water consumption and maintains their CO2 emissions below 150 toms a year.With this said, I have to add that Zara does however organise fashion events to attract it's clients. They are present in almost every international fashion show from Ethiopia to Finland. This presence not only promotes their brand amongst the elite, but also gives their designers plenty of inspiration for the constant innovation they have to deliver. 4) Product : On-top what I have already mentioned in my opening paragraph , it should be noted that Zara produces most of it's clothes in-house, and rarely outsources to ensure major quality control.If they do decide to outsource, they move their factories to places like Romania and the Czech republic rather than the developing world. This way they also spend less on transportation and can implement a Just-in-time manufacturing approach which guarantees there is a lead time of 2 weeks between the design of the clothing and it's appearance in the retail shops. It should be also noted, that Branding is not a big part of Zara's marketing like Adidas. They never place their logo on any of the clothing they make to avoid competition from imitator products.Instead, they train their customers to have a ‘good eye' on what is the real Zara product and what is a fake. Overall, with minimum marketing effort, Zara is an interesting company because they have demonstrated to the world you can still have customer loyalty and grow rapidly by offering a great value proposition instead of investing heavily in marketing campaigns. In the end, it is the customers through their own word of mouth that promote Zara the most. 3) ING Direct Online Banking:(Specialty Product) ING Is the world's biggest online bank, founded in 1991 and the fastest growing bank in UK history.It's main target market is the Generation X and Y who know how to navigate the internet very well , who do not have time because of their busy schedule to go to a regular bank, because of their restricted opening ours and also who are interesting in saving the money they have. Regular bank accounts make it easier to take out money, but online banks are more geared to saving money, which is why they usually do not have a minimum deposit requirement. a) Product: ING direct offers banking services and support 24/7 for wherever you are in the world.The service aspect of their product ( the augmented product) is their biggest competitve advantage and biggest source of differentiation. Unlike other online banks and investment groups like Ally bank and Perk Street, they assign every customer to a bank representative which stays with you for as long as your relationship may last in the bank. This is part of their CRM efforts ( Customer relationship management) and it has proven to be a big success because people feel less afraid of being just another face in the crowd, and kno w there is a person in the bank who knows about them and can serve them faster.The customer does not have to pay service fees as well, as in a regular brick and mortar bank and they offer low interest rates to borrowers and high rates to savers. All of this does great word-of-mouth marketing for the bank, who being online relies on it more heavily than a traditional bank , due to the fears of online scammers. Another big source of marketing for them and differentiation comes from their customer-specialised products.They have accounts for kids ( Kids Savings accounts), Business Accounts and for Pensioners that are more flexible than traditional banks and offer more benefits, and also a cash prize everytime someone opens an account : major way to attract clients. b) Promotion: ING Direct brands iself as the â€Å"Forward thinking† bank. It tries to deliver innovative marketing campaigns, mostly in the form of billboards, posters and television commercials to it's clients. It ma kes an effort to associate it's brand with all the number one achievers in the sports and business world.For example, has recently signed a contract with Ferrari and Formula One to become the major sponsor of their events. They invest also in the promotions at Football games, large billboards and Tennis championships. Recently, they launched a new brand positioning campaign which should make clients see them as â€Å"the most convenient way to do everyday banking†. For this sey made a 60 second youtube spot, which was then viewed on select tv finance and news channels like CNN, CBC, CTV, Global and TVA, as well as specialty channels including HGTV, History, TSN, RDS, Series+ and Canal D .However, a huge aspect of their marketing efforts still is Viral Marketing . They are heavily dependent on website advertising space, you-tube video clips, facebook and twitter online presence to increase brand awareness. They also partnered with application builders to be part of the increas ing app market. Now, if you download Sharebuilder app on your smart phone, you can use money directly from your online ING account to invest in the market. The CEO Jim Hemmer says â€Å"†ING Direct's mobile banking and trading apps are innovative and reflect the personality of the brand,†Overall, ING's financial products have succeeded because it understood it's customers. The money ING saved from not building physical establishments, they passed these cost-savings directly onto the customers who now get cash prizes when they open an account, very good rates and no service fees. The marketing has been mostly online for them, even if they still do sponsor many sports events, but most importantly it's a bank who has thrived like Zara on word-of-mouth, and based it's biggest advertising on the actual products it offered-being more price competitive, more personalized and more appealing than the competitor's offerings. ) Nomenus Quarterly ( Unsought product). This magazine is the most expensive in the world ( about 2200 pounds sterling) and came out as a limited edition of 50 published pieces. It was created by the German artist Erik Madigan Heck, as an attempt â€Å" to create something of lasting real beauty†. It's publications show photographic spreads of fashions by Azzedine Alaia and Ann Demeulemeester (shot by Heck himself), as well as works by some of the art world's greatest figures, including Lucien Freud and Anselm Kiefer.It has to be noted that all art in the magazine are one-off exclusive and original pieces, therefore the product offering appeals not to those who are interested only in art, but also photography and art collectionists. Price: Of course, with the price tag of over 2200 pounds, it is a magazine for the 1% elite of the society who are interested in alternative art forms represented through painting and photography. The price does quite a bit or word of mouth marketing for it, as it is the most expensive, and because of this, boasts quite a few online publications solely on its pricing strategy.Erik comments directly on the price saying â€Å"Let people pay the highest price, because you know what, we have the best product out there and it's worth it. And it works. It sells out before it even launches. † Packaging: The product comes in a unique black box-set laced together with a silver silk ribbon , in which inside there is the magazine. It is not only to protect it, but also to introduce the publication. Please see the picture below, from their own website. Place: The product sells online, through its own website, or you can view it for free online! Erik calls it the Robin Hood deal of marketing, that is give it for free†. He understands that the real customers buy the work to treasure the collection of art which is inside, not to merely have a flip-through. The magazine can also be found at exclusive book clubs like Damien Hirst and stores around mostly London and New York. Then, t here are many magazines and televison shoes who quote from the magazine, or use part of it's contents, giving it free publicity. For example, Vernissage Tv-an exclusive art and fashion channel is notable for citing Nomenus quaterly and showcasing it's work in a couple of short documentaries.Promotion: The magazine promotes itself through the business network of it's founder, Erik, who basically does not spend anything on promotion he claims, apart from the website expenses. All of the clients of the magazines are mostly designers who know him, or connected interested peoples like Kevin Roberts , C. E. O of Saatchi & Saatchi. As a way to promote the magazine itself, its pages feature exclusive photographs of celebrities and major art figures. For example, the latest issues had photos of the supermodel Mary Katrantzou and Tilda Swinton. In conclusion, Nomenus quaterly has demonstrated that passion does pay.It breaks away from the other examples I have used, because it plays in a very niche market of the cream of the high-class, who have very specific and complex wants-especially if they need to pay that kind of price for the product. It's marketing is almost purely word-of-mouth, and has worked extremely well for this magazine that delivers beautiful original work and has in it's own market no direct competitors. A completely original, innovative and eccentric consumer product that has demonstrated that via differentiation and quality, it has occupied a very specific market niche and gained a loyal customer base for the long-term. . What is a brand? Why are there many people willing to pay more for branded products than non-branded? A brand is a â€Å"name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. â€Å"Branding† began as a way to tell one person's cattle from another by means of a hot iron stamp, and today it's still doing the same thing- differentiating products fro m each other. -The American Marketing Associations Dictionary (2011) â€Å"Brands may be the most important tools for creating value and profitable customer relationships.Marketing is about building brands that connect deeply with customers. † -Kotler et al(2010) People are more wiling to pay for a branded product than for a non branded because of the concept of Brand Equity. Brand equity is the differential effect that knowing the brand name has on the customer response to the product and it's marketing. To explain this further, I shall use the example of a couple of Iconic brands. These are defined as having aspects that contribute to consumer's self-expression and personal identity.Brands whose value to consumers comes primarily from having identity value are said to be â€Å"identity brands†. Some of these brands have such a strong identity that they become more or less cultural icons which makes them â€Å"iconic brands†. Examples are Apple, Nike, Mc. Donal ds and Harley Davidson. People pay more for these brands because of the deep connection these brands have been able to make with their customers. Holt (2004) identifies four main elements to creating iconic brands, which will create a bond with the customer and justify the higher prices than non branded products. Necessary conditions† – The performance of the product must at least be acceptable, preferably with a reputation of having good quality. â€Å"Myth-making† – A meaningful storytelling fabricated by cultural insiders. These must be seen as legitimate and respected by consumers for stories to be accepted. â€Å"Cultural contradictions† – Some kind of mismatch between prevailing ideology and emergent undercurrents in society. In other words a difference with the way consumers are and how they wish they were. The cultural brand management process† – Actively engaging in the myth-making process in making sure the brand mainta ins its position as an icon. Kotler et al(2010) also adds that if the brand is going to be successful, differentiation from competitors is not enough. It needs to be relevant to the customers needs. The more there is a tight fit between the what the customer wants and what the brand gives and stands for, the greater chance of attaining a long term competitive advantage. To summarize, the branding done by companies makes people pay more for them because : )They have an Emotional connection to the brand- like McDonald people associate It with fun and tasty food. -relating somehow back to their childhood and family bonding. 2) It gives them a way to Express their identity through the brand image or personality. For example, buyers of Harley Davidson are usually men who want to feel more masculine and ‘rebellious'. 3) They are guaranteed a certain degree of quality and security as with the case for Parmigiano cheese, customers repeat purchases because they know what to expect in t erms of taste, thus it's part of a dissonance-reducing buying behavior. ) It gives customers a greater Self Esteem, for example, women who buy Fendi apparel get an immediate self-esteem boost from the purchase because they feel they are a step closer to their aspirational group, and feel they have ‘rewarded' themselves in making that purchase. In conclusion, for a brand to remain successful, it must rely less on the product's tangible attributes and more on creating surprise, passion and excitement surrounding a brand. It must also make sure that it's brand image and personality does not suffer as the business extends it's product lines or invests into new products. Q4.What are the four characteristics that affect service marketing and the additional marketing considerations for this sector? The service sector is one who's grown is increasing greatly. They not account for about 79% of USA's gross domestic product. There are two different types of services; the public ( offered by government and non-profit organizations, and the private ones ( offered by all business organizations). Kotler et al (2010) state that there are four main characteristics that define and affect services. They are: Intangibility: Services are intangible and do not have a physical existence.Hence services cannot be touched, held, tasted or smelt. This is most defining feature of a service and that which primarily differentiates it from a product. Also, it poses a unique challenge to those engaged in marketing a service as they need to attach tangible attributes to an otherwise intangible offering. Heterogeneity/Variability:Given the very nature of services, each service offering is unique and cannot be exactly repeated even by the same service provider. While products can be mass produced and be homogenous the same is not true of services. g: All burgers of a particular flavor at McDonalds are almost identical. However, the same is not true of the service rendered by the same coun ter staff consecutively to two customers. 3) Perishability: Services cannot be stored, saved, returned or resold once they have been used. Once rendered to a customer the service is completely consumed and cannot be delivered to another customer. eg: A customer dissatisfied with the services of a barber cannot return the service of the haircut that was rendered to him. At the most he may decide not to visit hat particular barber in the future. 4)Inseparability/Simultaneity of production and consumption:  This refers to the fact that services are generated and consumed within the same time frame. Eg: a haircut is delivered to and consumed by a customer simultaneously unlike, say, a takeaway burger which the customer may consume even after a few hours of purchase. Moreover, it is very difficult to separate a service from the service provider. Eg: the barber is necessarily a part of the service of a haircut that he is delivering to his customer.The additional marketing considerations for this sector are that a company must realise that increasingly what drives customer satisfaction is the level of services and the extra services offered compared to competitors, even if a company is selling a physical tangible product. E. g Sky-tv offers free installation when a customer purchases a good. This is part of the augmented product, but it also gives them an advantage point over their competitors. This said, companies must realise that the point of service devliery is when the employees ( representatives) of the firm meet the customers.Successful companies must focus their attentions on both the employees and the customers in order to achieve a satisfied client. This is part of the Service profit chain, that is the chain that links service firm profits with employee and customer satisfaction. For it to be successful it needs Internal service quality- superior employee selection and training to support them when dealing with customers Satisfied and productive service e mployees- the ‘extra smiles' are always passed onto the customer and adds more value to the overall service deliverySatisfied and loyal customers- if people had good service, it is more likely they will repeat purchase and give out a positive word of mouth Healthy service profits and growth: this is the final stage of the link which gives superior service firm performance. To ensure that this chain works well, marketers need to keep their employees happy and keep a good communication from the front-line employees to the top management. To ensure it all foes well, they have to employ a degree of Internal Marketing. Kotler et al(2010) say that internal marketing means that the service firm must orient and motivate its customer contact employees and supporting service people to work as a team to provide customer satisfaction,infact internal marketing must precede external marketing. An Example is the Four Seasons hostel , that invests on their human resources to motivate, reward and correct their employees when necessary , empowering them with the right motivation tools. They give a constant training in order to contentiously improve the service.This in turn, improves the quality of Interactive marketing , being the satisfaction the customer gets after being delivered with a certain quality of service. If this is successful, the customer will repeat purchase and spread a positive word of mouth. REFERENCES Kotler, Philip; Gary Armstrong (1989). Principles of Marketing, fourth edition (Annotated Instructor's Edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc.. pp. 639 Kotler, Philip. , Armstrong, G. , Brown, L. , and Adam, S. (2006) Marketing, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall. Kotler,Philip. ,Armstrong,G. (2010) Principles of Marketing 13th Ed.Pearson education. Australia/Prentice hall. History of Zara. (2008). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from Zara-Clothing: http://www. zaraclothing. net/history-of-zara/ MarketLine. (2008, July 8). Zara company profile. Retrieved from http://www. marketlineinfo. com American Marketing Associations Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 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